Blind Mice See the Light

Researchers adapt an algal protein to reengineer sight into a broken visual circuit.

Blind mice developed rudimentary vision when researchers activated certain retinal cells using a gene commonly found in algae. The mice could not only sense the presence of light, but they also responded to a moving black-and-white pattern, suggesting that they could distinguish objects of a certain size.

See how they run: Missing from the outer surface of this blind mouse's retina is a thick layer of photoreceptor cells, which would normally appear as an extra swath of blue on the far right-hand side. In a sighted mouse, it's the photoreceptor cells that tell the visual system when light is present. Instead, this mouse's ON bipolar cells--another retinal cell type, shown in green--have been engineered to detect and respond to light using a light-sensitive channel protein normally found in algae. Mice treated with the gene for this channel protein ran away from a bright light and followed a moving black-and-white pattern, suggesting that they had rudimentary visual abilities. Credit: Botond Roska, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research

"You wouldn't see the very fine details, but you'd see some bigger objects," says Botond Roska, a neurobiologist at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, in Switzerland, who led the research along with collaborators at Harvard Medical School. Their results were published online this week in Nature Neuroscience.

The mice used in the study have a form of genetically controlled blindness in which all the photoreceptor cells are missing from the retina. This condition, caused by such diseases as macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa, is the leading cause of blindness in humans. Because the mice's photoreceptor cells were completely absent, the researchers targeted the next layer of cells in the visual circuit, called bipolar cells.

Usually, bipolar cells respond to light intensity. A subgroup called ON bipolar cells fires in response to light, while another subgroup, called OFF bipolar cells, shuts down in response to light. These signals work together to tell the brain about the brightness of nearby objects. In the blind mice, neither of these cell types--which normally receive their information from photoreceptor cells--can sense the presence of light.

Roska's group targeted the ON bipolar cells, using a light-sensitive algal protein called channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to confer light sensitivity where there previously was none. "Essentially, we reengineered photoreceptors into the retina," says Roska.

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The ChR2 protein embeds itself in an ON bipolar cell's outer membrane, where it acts as a light-gated channel. When light is present, the channel opens, and positively charged ions flood into the cell. This influx of positive charge activates the cell, triggering the release of neurotransmitters and propagating the response to other nearby neurons. The net effect is that a pulse of light generates an electrical signal that makes its way through the eye and, ultimately, to the brain.

The trick was to target only ON bipolar cells. If OFF bipolar cells--or any of the many other retinal cell types--were also made light sensitive, the brain would receive mixed signals in response to light. So before injecting the ChR2 gene into the mice's eyes, the researchers altered it with a snippet of regulatory DNA that only ON bipolar cells would respond to. That way, even though all retinal cell types took up the gene, only ON bipolar cells made the ChR2 protein.